DescriptionResearch on youth emancipating from foster care typically emphasizes risk and maladaptation among this vulnerable population. Few studies examine competent, or resilient, functioning among these youth, and the factors that enable them to succeed. The primary goal of the present study was to explore how accumulation of risk and protective factors contributed to resilient functioning among youth leaving foster care in one state. Specifically, this research aimed to examine whether cumulative risk and protection independently affected resilience, or whether the impact of protection was contingent upon the level of risk. This study utilized data from the Mental Health Service Use of Youth Leaving Foster Care (VOYAGES) study, a longitudinal cohort study of older youth in the custody of the Missouri Children’s Division. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the study hypotheses. Results indicated that resilience was a common occurrence among youth in this sample. Specifically, 81% exhibited resilience in the domain of mental health; 70% exhibited resilience in the domain of substance use; 78% exhibited resilience in the domain of criminal involvement; and 67% reported being employed or at school. Furthermore, over two-thirds of the youth exhibited resilience in at least three of the above mentioned domains. Females, and youth who were still in foster care at age 19, were more likely to exhibit resilient functioning. Further analyses revealed that higher cumulative risk was associated with decreased likelihood of resilience in the domains of mental health and substance use, but not in the domain of criminal involvement. In contrast, higher cumulative protection was associated with increased likelihood of resilience in the domain of substance use, but not in the domains of criminal involvement and mental health. When youth overall resilience was examined, both cumulative risk and cumulative protection presented a significant contribution in the predicted direction. However, there was no evidence that the impact of protection on resilience was contingent upon the level of risk. These results emphasize the differential impact of risk and protection on different aspects of youth functioning, and support the need for specificity in resilience research.